计组1

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1.绪论

摩尔定律

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IPS指令每秒的实现量

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IPS是每秒执行多少条指令

CPI是平均一个指令需要的时钟周期image-20220113232155117

2.计算机中的数据表示

原码, 反码, 补码的基础概念和计算方法.

在探求为何机器要使用补码之前, 让我们先了解原码, 反码和补码的概念.对于一个数, 计算机要使用一定的编码方式进行存储. 原码, 反码, 补码是机器存储一个具体数字的编码方式.

1. 原码

原码就是符号位加上真值的绝对值, 即用第一位表示符号, 其余位表示值. 比如如果是8位二进制:

[+1]原 = 0000 0001

[-1]原 = 1000 0001

第一位是符号位. 因为第一位是符号位, 所以8位二进制数的取值范围就是:

[1111 1111 , 0111 1111]

[-127 , 127]

原码是人脑最容易理解和计算的表示方式.

2. 反码

反码的表示方法是:

正数的反码是其本身

负数的反码是在其原码的基础上, 符号位不变,其余各个位取反.

[+1] = [00000001]原 = [00000001]反

[-1] = [10000001]原 = [11111110]反

可见如果一个反码表示的是负数, 人脑无法直观的看出来它的数值. 通常要将其转换成原码再计算.

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3. 补码

补码的表示方法是:

正数的补码就是其本身

负数的补码是在其原码的基础上, 符号位不变, 其余各位取反, 最后+1. (即在反码的基础上+1)

[+1] = [00000001]原 = [00000001]反 = [00000001]补

[-1] = [10000001]原 = [11111110]反 = [11111111]补

对于负数, 补码表示方式也是人脑无法直观看出其数值的. 通常也需要转换成原码在计算其数值.

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4.移码

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求补运算

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浮点数的表示

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IEEE754

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阶码=移码-偏移量

移码=阶码真值-偏移量(7个1,127)

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奇偶校验

海明码

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CRC码

3.运算方法与运算器

加减法

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加法器。。。。没看

移码的加减

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BCD码

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乘法

原码一位乘

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补码一位乘法 布斯booth 法

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除法

原码除法 恢复余数法

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原码加减交替法

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浮点数运算‘

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4.指令

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5.存储系统

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6.处理器(CPU)设计

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w信号——节拍信号 P 信号——触发信号

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块数×(区号位数+块号位数)

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